Bad breath, commonly known as "halitosis," can negatively impact individuals' social and psychological lives. Halitosis can originate from within the mouth or from other parts of the body. Approximately one in four people worldwide experience this condition, and awareness regarding its treatment has increased in recent years. Halitosis can cause serious problems in both personal and social interactions, making it crucial to accurately determine its underlying causes.

Causes of Bad Breath (Halitosis)

Halitosis can be classified into two main categories: pathological and physiological. In addition, certain conditions may lead to temporary bad breath.

Oral-Origin Halitosis (Pathological)

Halitosis originating in the mouth accounts for 80% to 90% of all halitosis cases. The primary causes include:

1. Tongue Coating: Bacteria and food particles accumulating on the tongue, especially at the back, can lead to bad breath.
2. Periodontal Diseases: Gum inflammation (gingivitis) or periodontal diseases (periodontitis) can cause bad breath.
3. Tooth Decay and Gum Diseases: Cavities and infections in the teeth can produce unpleasant odors.
4. Dry Mouth: Insufficient saliva production allows bacteria to thrive, leading to bad breath.
5. Reflux and Postnasal Drip: Gastroesophageal reflux (acid from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus) or postnasal drip due to nasal congestion can contribute to bad breath.
6. Poorly Fitted Dentures and Mucosal Diseases: Improperly fitted dentures or diseases affecting the oral mucosa can also cause unpleasant odor.

Non-Oral Halitosis (Pathological)

Many systemic diseases outside the mouth can also lead to halitosis. These include:

1. Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Conditions such as sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia can contribute to bad breath.
2. Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders: Peptic ulcers, stomach cancer, and esophageal diseases may result in halitosis.
3. Liver Diseases and Chronic Kidney Failure: Liver failure or kidney dysfunction can lead to foul breath.
4. Metabolic Diseases: Conditions like diabetes, certain endocrine disorders, and cancers can also cause halitosis.

Physiological (Temporary) Halitosis

Physiological halitosis is temporary and may result from the following factors:

1. Food Residues: Certain foods (such as onions and garlic) may leave a lingering odor in the mouth.
2. Smoking: Smoking is one of the most common causes of bad breath.
3. Menstruation: Hormonal changes during a woman's menstrual period can temporarily cause bad breath.
4. Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate oral hygiene can lead to plaque and tartar buildup, resulting in bad breath.

Treatment of Bad Breath (Halitosis)

Treating bad breath requires identifying the underlying cause and applying appropriate treatment methods. Paying attention to oral hygiene, brushing teeth, and using dental floss are important steps to prevent bad breath. Additionally, addressing factors that cause dry mouth and applying dental treatments (such as professional cleanings or correcting dentures) is essential. When halitosis is caused by non-oral factors, treatment typically involves addressing the underlying medical condition.